Toast chiles in a dry skillet over medium 2-3 minutes until fragrant. Cover in a bowl with 2 cups hot broth; soak 20 minutes, then blend smooth.
Heat oil in a large heavy pot over medium-high; brown beef well in batches about 4-5 minutes each without stirring much. Set aside.
Cook onions in same pot about 6 minutes until soft. Add garlic, cumin, oregano, garlic powder, onion powder, and cayenne; cook 2 minutes until fragrant.
Return beef; stir in blended chiles and remaining 2 cups broth.
Boil; reduce heat to low and simmer uncovered 2.5 hours, stirring every 20-30 minutes to prevent sticking.
Mix masa harina with 1/2 cup water; stir paste and vinegar into chili. Simmer 30 more minutes until thickened.
Salt to taste; rest 15 minutes before serving.