Heat a dry skillet over medium heat and toast the dried chiles in batches until fragrant, about 1-2 minutes per side, being careful not to burn them.
Place toasted chiles in a bowl and cover with hot water. Let soak for 20 minutes until softened, then drain.
Add softened chiles, cumin, Mexican oregano, garlic powder, and onion powder to a blender or spice grinder. Blend until you have a fine powder. Set aside your chili mix.
Season beef cubes with salt and pepper. Heat oil in a large Dutch oven over high heat and brown the beef in batches, ensuring not to overcrowd the pan. Transfer browned beef to a plate.
Reduce heat to medium, add chopped onion to the pot, and cook until softened, about 5 minutes. Add minced garlic and cook for 1 minute.
Stir in 6 tablespoons of your homemade chili mix and cook for 1 minute until fragrant.
Return beef to the pot and add beef broth and beer. Bring to a boil, then reduce heat to low, cover, and simmer for 2.5 hours until beef is very tender.
Mix masa harina with 1/4 cup water to make a slurry. Stir into the chili and cook for 15 minutes to thicken. Add apple cider vinegar, taste, and adjust seasonings before serving.