Heat oil in a large deep skillet or Dutch oven over medium heat. Sauté garlic 30 seconds until fragrant.
Add pasta, broth, Italian seasoning, salt, and pepper. Bring to a boil; reduce to medium.
Add broccoli, bell pepper, and zucchini. Cook 8-10 minutes, stirring occasionally, until pasta is about halfway cooked.
Add tomatoes and peas; cook 5-7 minutes more until pasta is tender and vegetables crisp-tender.
Reduce to low; stir in cream and Parmesan. Toss until cheese melts into light sauce. Add a splash of broth if too thick.
Adjust seasoning; garnish with basil and extra Parmesan before serving.