Place sliced onions, butter, and sugar in the slow cooker and toss to combine.
Cook on HIGH for 1 hour uncovered, stirring once halfway through, until the onions begin to soften and release moisture.
Add beef broth, white wine, bay leaves, thyme, salt, and pepper, then stir well.
Cover and cook on LOW for 6 to 8 hours, until the onions are very soft and the broth is deeply flavored.
Remove bay leaves and ladle soup into oven-safe bowls, top each with a slice of toasted French bread and generous amount of Gruyère cheese.
Place bowls on a baking sheet and broil for 3-5 minutes until cheese is melted, bubbly, and golden brown.