Whisk flour, sugar, baking powder, baking soda, and salt together in a large bowl.
In a separate bowl, whisk buttermilk, eggs, melted butter, and vanilla extract.
Pour wet ingredients into dry and stir until just combined — lumps are fine. Do not overmix.
Let the batter rest for 5 minutes. Heat a griddle or nonstick skillet over medium heat and grease lightly.
Pour 1/4 cup batter per pancake. Cook until bubbles form on the surface and edges look set, about 2 minutes, then flip and cook 1 to 2 minutes more.
Serve stacked with butter and warm maple syrup.